@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix vann: <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> a skos:ConceptScheme ;
    dcterms:title "Sound Production Method"@en ;
    rdfs:label "Sound Production Method"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Sound Production Method"@en ;
    dcterms:description "The classification of sound production mechanisms has been addressed by a number of previous authors. Ewing (1989) devised a categorisation based entirely on the physical mechanism of sound production (percussion, air expulsion, vibration, tymbal mechanisms and stridulation). Most insect sounds can be neatly placed into these categories, with the possible exception of crepitation. Crepitation, a snapping sound made by the wings, may be considered to be a form of tymbalisation, albeit not always under direct muscular control as it may be a by-product of flight. A broad interpretation of tymbalisation would include the crepitation of the Orthoptera. Crepitation is here retained as a separate term, but may in the broadest sense be treated as synonymous with tymbalisation. The air expulsion of Ewing (1989) is here expanded to fluid expulsion, in recognition of the fact many insects are aquatic for at least part of their lives, and while freshwater acoustic studies of insects are presently limited, noise created by the expulsion of water would be analogous with the expulsion of air in terrestrial environments."@en ;
    skos:hasTopConcept <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Crepitation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#FluidExpulsion>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#None>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Percussion>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Tremulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Tymbalisation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Vibration> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#AbdominalTremulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Abdominal Tremulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Abdominal Tremulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "AbdominalTremulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Tremulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Abdomino-alaryStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Abdomino-alary Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Abdomino-alary Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Abdomino-alaryStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Abdomino-elytralStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Abdomino-elytral Stridulation" ;
    skos:prefLabel "Abdomino-elytral Stridulation" ;
    rdf:value "Abdomino-elytralStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Abdomino-femoralStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Abdomino-femoral Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Abdomino-femoral Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Abdomino-femoralStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Alary-abdominalStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Alary-abdominal Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Alary-abdominal Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Alary-abdominalStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Alary-elytralStridualtion> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Alary-elytral Stridualtion"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Alary-elytral Stridualtion"@en ;
    rdf:value "Alary-elytralStridualtion" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#AntennalStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Antennal Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Antennal Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "AntennalStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#BodyTremulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Body Tremulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Body Tremulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "BodyTremulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Tremulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Coxo-metasternalStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Coxo-metasternal Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Coxo-metasternal Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Coxo-metasternalStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Cranio-prothoracaicStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Cranio-prothoracaic Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Cranio-prothoracaic Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Cranio-prothoracaicStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Crepitation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Crepitation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Crepitation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Crepitation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Crepitation is a noise made by the snapping of wings as they extend, sometimes occurring facultatively as part of a special crepitation display flight, otherwise obligate and occurs in all flights."@en ;
    skos:definition "Crepitation is a noise made by the snapping of wings as they extend, sometimes occurring facultatively as part of a special crepitation display flight, otherwise obligate and occurs in all flights."@en ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:topConceptOf <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    dcterms:modified "2026-09-15"^^xsd:date ;
    dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Baker E, Chesmore D (2020) Standardisation of bioacoustic terminology for insects. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e54222. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54222" .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Elyto-femoralStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Elyto-femoral Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Elyto-femoral Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Elyto-femoralStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#ElytralStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Elytral Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Elytral Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "ElytralStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Elytro-abdominalStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Elytro-abdominal Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Elytro-abdominal Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Elytro-abdominalStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Elytro-tibialPercussion> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Elytro-tibial Percussion"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Elytro-tibial Percussion"@en ;
    rdf:value "Elytro-tibialPercussion" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Percussion> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#FemoralStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Femoral Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Femoral Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "FemoralStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#FluidExpulsion> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Fluid Expulsion"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Fluid Expulsion"@en ;
    rdf:value "FluidExpulsion" ;
    rdfs:comment "The forced expulsion of air through modified spiracles creates the distinctive hiss in the hissing cockroaches (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Gromphadorhini; Hunsinger et al. 2018). The hawkmoth Acherontia sphinx makes a defensive sound by passing air through the pharynx (Brehm et al. 2015)."@en ;
    skos:definition "The forced expulsion of air through modified spiracles creates the distinctive hiss in the hissing cockroaches (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Gromphadorhini; Hunsinger et al. 2018). The hawkmoth Acherontia sphinx makes a defensive sound by passing air through the pharynx (Brehm et al. 2015)."@en ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:topConceptOf <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:narrower <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#PharyngealAirExpulsion>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#SpiracularAirExpulsion> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Head-susbsratePercussion> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Head-susbsrate Percussion"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Head-susbsrate Percussion"@en ;
    rdf:value "Head-susbsratePercussion" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Percussion> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Hindleg-substratePercussion> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Hindleg-substrate Percussion"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Hindleg-substrate Percussion"@en ;
    rdf:value "Hindleg-substratePercussion" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Percussion> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Maxillo-mandibularStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Maxillo-mandibular Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Maxillo-mandibular Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Maxillo-mandibularStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Mesonoto-elytralStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Mesonoto-elytral Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Mesonoto-elytral Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Mesonoto-elytralStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Mesonoto-pronotalStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Mesonoto-pronotal Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Mesonoto-pronotal Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Mesonoto-pronotalStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#MesothoracicScutellum-elytralStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "MesothoracicScutellum-elytral Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "MesothoracicScutellum-elytral Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "MesothoracicScutellum-elytralStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#None> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "None"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "None"@en ;
    rdf:value "None" ;
    rdfs:comment "Used to positively assert the organism has no deliberate sound production method."@en ;
    skos:definition "Used to positively assert the organism has no deliberate sound production method."@en ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:topConceptOf <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Percussion> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Percussion"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Percussion"@en ;
    rdf:value "Percussion" ;
    rdfs:comment "Percussive noises are generated by the impact between body parts, or between part of the body and the substrate. Ewing (1989) notes that the exoskeleton of arthropods makes percussion an efficient communication method. Moths of the genus Hecatesia have hardened sections of the fore wing called castanets that strike together in flight to produce sound, leading to their common name of 'whistling moths' Bailey (1978)."@en ;
    skos:definition "Percussive noises are generated by the impact between body parts, or between part of the body and the substrate. Ewing (1989) notes that the exoskeleton of arthropods makes percussion an efficient communication method. Moths of the genus Hecatesia have hardened sections of the fore wing called castanets that strike together in flight to produce sound, leading to their common name of 'whistling moths' Bailey (1978)."@en ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:topConceptOf <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:narrower <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Elytro-tibialPercussion>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Head-susbsratePercussion>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Hindleg-substratePercussion> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#PharyngealAirExpulsion> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Pharyngeal Air Expulsion"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Pharyngeal Air Expulsion"@en ;
    rdf:value "PharyngealAirExpulsion" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#FluidExpulsion> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Pronoto-femoralStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Pronoto-femoral Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Pronoto-femoral Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Pronoto-femoralStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Prosterno-mesosternalStridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Prosterno-mesosternal Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Prosterno-mesosternal Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Prosterno-mesosternalStridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#SpiracularAirExpulsion> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Spiracular Air Expulsion"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Spiracular Air Expulsion"@en ;
    rdf:value "SpiracularAirExpulsion" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#FluidExpulsion> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Stridulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Stridulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Stridulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Stridulation" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:topConceptOf <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:narrower <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Abdomino-alaryStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Abdomino-elytralStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Abdomino-femoralStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Alary-abdominalStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Alary-elytralStridualtion>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#AntennalStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Coxo-metasternalStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Cranio-prothoracaicStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Elyto-femoralStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#ElytralStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Elytro-abdominalStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#FemoralStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Maxillo-mandibularStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Mesonoto-elytralStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Mesonoto-pronotalStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#MesothoracicScutellum-elytralStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Pronoto-femoralStridulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Prosterno-mesosternalStridulation> ;
    dcterms:modified "2026-09-15"^^xsd:date .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Tremulation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Tremulation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Tremulation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Tremulation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Vibration of the body (or part thereof) transmitted through a solid substrate, such as vegetation."@en ;
    skos:definition "Vibration of the body (or part thereof) transmitted through a solid substrate, such as vegetation."@en ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:topConceptOf <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:narrower <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#AbdominalTremulation>, <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#BodyTremulation> ;
    dcterms:modified "2026-09-15"^^xsd:date ;
    dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Baker E, Chesmore D (2020) Standardisation of bioacoustic terminology for insects. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e54222. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54222" .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Tymbalisation> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Tymbalisation"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Tymbalisation"@en ;
    rdf:value "Tymbalisation" ;
    rdfs:comment "In most cicadas, sound production is primarily through the process of tymbalisation: the de-formation of the paired tymbals at a high rate. In cicadas, the tymbals are modified sections of abdominal tegumen strengthened by ridges that can be deformed by muscles (Pringle 1954)."@en ;
    skos:definition "In most cicadas, sound production is primarily through the process of tymbalisation: the de-formation of the paired tymbals at a high rate. In cicadas, the tymbals are modified sections of abdominal tegumen strengthened by ridges that can be deformed by muscles (Pringle 1954)."@en ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:topConceptOf <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Vibration> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Vibration"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Vibration"@en ;
    rdf:value "Vibration" ;
    rdfs:comment "Vibratory motions are classified into two types. Those where vibration of the body (or part thereof) transmits an acoustic signal through a fluid (air or water) are considered vibrations. Those where vibration is transmitted through a solid substrate, such as vegetation, are termed tremulation."@en ;
    skos:definition "Vibratory motions are classified into two types. Those where vibration of the body (or part thereof) transmits an acoustic signal through a fluid (air or water) are considered vibrations. Those where vibration is transmitted through a solid substrate, such as vegetation, are termed tremulation."@en ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:topConceptOf <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:narrower <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#WingVibration> .

<https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#WingVibration> a skos:Concept ;
    rdfs:label "Wing Vibration"@en ;
    skos:prefLabel "Wing Vibration"@en ;
    rdf:value "WingVibration" ;
    skos:inScheme <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm> ;
    skos:broader <https://vocab.audioblast.org/cv/spm#Vibration> .